School Violence Essay Example

School Violence Essay Concepts of juvenile delinquency and school violence are intrinsically related. School violence is a practical reflection of the processes encompassed with term â€Å"juvenile delinquency.† From the critical standpoint, juvenile delinquency or engagement of young individual in criminal behavior starts in most times at school. The public’s concern about violence in schools has been illustrated in media stories, congressional testimony, and numerous studies and reports that vividly underscore the pervasiveness of the problem. Nowhere, however, is the magnitude of the nation’s concern about school violence reflected more urgently than in Goal 6 of the Goals 2000: Educate America Act adopted by Congress and signed into law by President Clinton in March 1994. Goal 6 states that â€Å"by the year 2000, every school in America will be free of drugs and violence and will offer a disciplined environment conducive to learning.† The supporting narrative for this goal states that â€Å"no child or youth should be fearful on the way to school, be afraid while there, or have to cope with pressures to make unhealthy choices† (USDE, 1993). However, it is evident that many of the statements proclaimed in the Act are not fulfilled, and juvenile delinquency and school violence are still connected in a dangerous tandem. Atkins (1994) indicates that 100,000 guns are transported to the school every day. Besides, during each year three million crimes take place near or inside of public schools. As a result, there are numerous examples of new â€Å"safety rules† that were made for elimination of hiding weapons or for constraining excess interaction between the students. For example, in some school in Washington State there are no more lockers; in California some require transparent backpacks; some another forbids handshakes between the teams. Problem of juvenile delinquency as well as of school violence existed along ago; it exists nowadays and will probably exist for a long time in the future. As every conflict, school violence also has its own causes and ways of solution. School violence is caused by the number of things. According to Atkins (1994), children violence in schools usually has two major causes. The first one is the increase in number of violence in movies and television that children watch. The examination of this educational conflict, that was made by the American Psychological Association, reports that American children see about eight thousand murders on the television and around one 100,000 of other violent performances before they start attending junior high school. Importantly, yet more violent acts are depicted on television, sales of video games depicting death and destruction are skyrocketing, and many rock videos show violence as a viable means of conflict resolution. We will write a custom essay sample on School Violence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on School Violence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on School Violence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The second cause explains that children violence may appear as a result of poverty. Indeed, the problem of poverty is strongly connected with school violence. Poverty in families is usually neighboring with alcoholism, child abuse, bullying and agression. Moreover, many incarcerated adolescents are characterized as having behavioral and emotional problems that would qualify them for special education or residential treatment programs. Nelson and Rutherford (1989:10-11) indicated that 77% of incarcerated students receiving special education services were behaviorally disordered. Many publications present horrifying statistics on violence in the United States. The Carnegie Quarterly report states that â€Å"nearly one million adolescents between the ages of twelve and nineteen are victims of violent crimes each year† (Hechinger, 1994:5). Marion Wright Edelman tells that an American child is killed every two hours by guns, and thirty more are injured each day (Edelman, 1994). The figures vary some from report to report, but they are never less than appalling. Sociologists, educators, and others who study the phenomenon of violence blame it variously on poverty, doing poorly in school, lack of social skills, hopelessness with respect to getting a job, the influence of television and movies, and a general failure of morals in society at large. School programs aimed at reducing delinquency sometimes target one of these presumed causes for example, doing poorly in school and try to prevent violence by removing the cause. It is not at all clear that violence prevention programs are working. The Carnegie report suggests that some are, but a recent Harvard Education Letter article (1994) raises serious doubts about all such special programs. The best course of action seems to be to transform the whole school climate. In a caring climate, in a â€Å"full-service school,† violence prevention programs may add the skills and knowledge needed to resist particular forms of violence. Basically, however, students must believe that the adults in their schools and communities care about them, that their well-being and growth matter. Kids seem able to survive material poverty, and many can ignore much of the violence in the media or, at least, keep its effects to a minimum if they have continuing relationships with adults who obviously care about them. According to Atkins (1994), parents should confine television, extend their child’s social life, and make sure that any weapon is out of childrenâ⠂¬â„¢s reach. They should also teach their child how to overcome the problems themselves and discuss possible ways of solving with them. Since juvenile delinquency origins in American schools through violence and other conflicting and anti-social behavior, the understanding of the school violence is pivotal to understanding and interpreting trends of juvenile delinquency. Violence prevention strategies conducted in school setting, various couselling programs for high school students, social support programs may have significant affect on the dynamics of juvenile delinquency.

Shell Strategy Essay Example

Shell Strategy Essay Example Shell Strategy Paper Shell Strategy Paper Shell uses a broad differentiation strategy. Their business model is built on quality and differentiation which they use to set the company apart from its competitors. Shell is viewed worldwide as one of the most successful oil and gas impasses, and is consistently ranked as a top-producer in each and every field in which they partake. Shell capitalizes on their successes by staying broad throughout their endeavors and allowing no opportunity, within their given fields, to pass them by. Shell integrates both horizontally and vertically, and as a result, they hold a formidable market share of each the oil and gas industry, the energy industry, and the chemical industry. Due to their interests in these fields, Shells products are used around the world, and they therefore have a hand in Just about every market, of every kind worldwide. How valid is this strategy? Shells overall group strategy of More Upstream and Profitable Downstream, is a broad differentiation strategy and is vital for accompany such as Shell, as they must strive to be one step ahead of the competition. The essence of a broad differentiation strategy is to be unique in ways that are valuable to a wide range of customers. One industry that Shell has recently entered is renewable energy, which is considered the future of energy, and a replacement for burning fossil fuels. If Shell chooses not to enter this market, Exxon would possible capture about 50% of his market in the United States. This would create a serious disadvantage for Shell in the very near future. Although Shell is predominantly an oil and gas company, they continue to innovate and reach out to new endeavors within markets that can be closely related to their own, or sometimes completely different. Why is this strategy good? Shells strategy is good because it allows the company to work vertically and horizontally throughout the oil and gas industry. They operate a global downstream market with its Lube Oil Blending and Manufacturing Plants, Chemical Plants, and Refineries. They have a strong brand preference in the retail market. Shell has supply and trading optimization of diesel, naphtha, gasoline and kerosene throughout the world. Their operational excellence in Technology has allowed them to use its knowledge of all aspects of their business to expand into areas that it previously was not participating. The broad differentiation strategy is vital for most multinational corporations as it forces management to grow and adapt to ever changing market demands. If Shell was not broadly differentiated, then companies who are now implementing wind power or other sources of renewable energy, would sibyl be capable of forcing oil companies like Shell to a small, weak corner of the energy sector. Who doesnt want cleaner, safer sources of renewable energy? The marketing department knows the answerer this is a question, and that is why they pursue alternative energy sources Walt Trolley A strategy of multinational diversification has more built-in potential for competitive advantage than any other diversification strategy. Therefore, companies that compete multinational can pursue competitive advantage in world markets by locating their value chain activities in whatever nations prove most advantageous. Why is this strategy bad? Playing devils advocate, Shells strategy can be viewed as negative because it could possibly create a massive drain on financial resources, due to their broad reach across the industry spectrum. However, in order to conduct business in areas around the globe, and research new ideas to stay competitive, Shell and other companies should utilize a broad differentiation strategy. How is the competition going to act? Unfortunately for Shell, the competition is going to continue to do exactly what Shell is doing. Shell, Exxon, Chevron, and all of the major oil and gas companies are always going to attempt to stay one step ahead of their competitors. All of them are searching for the best clean fuels, the best sources of renewable energy, and the next innovation in their fields. The competition in this sector is fierce. Each of these companies must spend billions of dollars each year Just to stay competitive. Research, surveying, recruiting, and acquisitions are all vital aspects of Shells business and the competitors are all fighting for the same information, talents, and technological advancements. On the other hand, Shell does compete well with energy companies who offer one f the four other competitive strategies. Those who offer a focused strategy fail, as companies such as Shell typical buy them out if the ideas they have become a threat to the top producers. Low cost and best-cost strategies fail in the energy sector as well, because as everyone knows, energy is a lucrative and expensive business made profitable by the enormous profit margins put on certain products. Health Safety Environment Sustainable Development Department We received feedback and information from the Health and Safety Environment Sustainable Development Department. Our contact, Anomaly Banned, is an advisor or this department. This department has the responsibility to support Shells Business strategy and its delivery. Mostly for environmental management that underlines Shells priorities. They mitigate and manage potential environmental impacts, and identify opportunities of Shells operations and projects. In addition, they have to follow the Finance, Governance and Management, and Social Performance, Information and Management, and People Standards; they create for the entire Shell groups. I en strategy AT teen satiety department Is Adult around People, Performance Ana Progress. Their goal is to develop people by creating and maintaining an environment where people can succeed, identify strengths and improvement areas where continuous performance can be delivered, and manage risks effectively whereby progress can be made with stakeholders. Their goal is to demonstrate world class performance in their area with the partnership of all the Shell businesses. Right now, this departments core competency is committed to creating an environment in Shell where Goal Zero can be achieved. In this environment there are zero safety incidents, zero environmental incidents, and zero delays due to ejaculatory or community challenge. They must cultivate the right mindset about incidents and about their responsibility for preventing them. Since, Shell works globally, the standards set by Shell are consistent for all of the Shell business across the globe. Goal Zero, the 12-Life saving rules, etc. Are all the same regardless to what country they are working in. Group standards are used which are rules on enterprise-wide risks that require common treatment across Shell companies. Shell maintains group HOSE Performance Data that is shared with the industry. They assure their success through the Goal Zero progress and performance against key HOSE parameters of fatalities, fatal accident rate, total recordable case frequency, lost time injury frequency, total recordable occupational injury frequency against exposure hours. In order for Shell to differentiate their service from competition and to provide unique value to customers they do the following: Every Shell Company has a systematic approach to HOSE SP management designed to ensure compliance with the law and to achieve continuous performance improvement; sets targets for improvement and measures, appraises and reports performance; requires annotators to manage HOSE SP in line with this policy; requires Joint ventures under its operational control to apply this policy, and uses its influence to promote it in its there ventures; engages effectively with neighbors and impacted communities; and includes HOSE SP performance in the appraisal of staff and rewards accordingly. The major problem for this department is the environmental management. This includes: global leadership, face time, and performance. This department has trouble working and completing assignments/tasks with their international departments due to lack of actual face to face conta ct. The tasks take longer to achieve because leadership is hard to keep intact globally. The managers/leaders all have common ways to do business, but sometimes do not have sufficient input. Also included is the departments performance for improvement. Recommendations: Based on SOOT analysis, one way to resolve Shells approach to environmental management is by focusing on its Environment Strategy and Action Plan. The department can comply Ana roller regulatory Ana Internal environmental compliance in all activities. Improve and deliver prioritize environmental performance improvements in support of business execution. Be prepared for significant business environmental challenges and opportunities of the future. With this recommendation Shell can focus on this plan and clearly follow steps to increase the departments performance. Employees work globally, including the leadership teams. These teams meet to ensure alignment is consistent across the globe. There must be constant communication globally between all of Shells arms. Shells generally centralized organization could potential limit the ability of rank-and-file employees, and based on SOOT, this is a weakness that Shell should address. Decentralization their organization in certain areas will give employees the ability to react quicker to market changes, as well as adverse situations. One way to control decentralized organizations is to provide training guides and manuals. This action increases potential leadership skills for the employees to rely on when global problems occur. A program that can be developed is to rotate graduate hires in the HOSE department within the first 5 years of their career at Shell. The expectation is that this rotation will increase their knowledge of HOSE environment, and give them an appreciation or this area of the business. Then by increasing their knowledge at the beginning of their career at Shell they can learn to better lead globally and learn environmental management. This includes the opportunity to work in the Health Safety Environment Sustainable Development and in a production are of the business which will increase challenges for them at such an early time. The benefit of developing better leaders definitely outweighs the cost of rotating these new hires. It will cause training to become a longer process because rather than training in one area; there would be raining in diverse areas in order to expand employees knowledge. The diverse training will make employees better rounded and the experience they gain will aid them when they encounter different situations. We highly recommend and encourage doing what is necessary to ensure Shell assignments are properly performed by investing in tools to create more face to face time. Visits to the sites, or adding venues/rooms to the locations where it can be possible to interact through the web. Shell employees are encouraged to do what is necessary to make certain Shell assignments are properly performed. Creating a time Ramee where the leader has to communicate with the international departments to assure things are correctly done. By increasing awareness of the leader more focus will be created to the assignment because it will be managed more. The manager presence will be known and can create a better working relationship. Shell should aim to have an HOSE SP performance they can be proud of, to earn the confidence of customers, shareholders and society at large, to be a good neighbor and to contribute to sustainable development globally. Shell should identify key environmental risks and opportunities and associated reputation exposures. This includes managing the risk of onshore and offshore spills across businesses through continuous Improvements to prevention Ana response Dye preparing or spell prevention in operational environments, which is in line with their commitment to pursue the goal of no harm to people; protect the environment; use material and energy efficiently to provide products and services; respect neighbors and contribute to the societies in which it operates; develop energy resources, products and services consistent with these aims; publicly report on performance; play a leading role in promoting best practice in the industries; manage HOSE and SP taters as any other critical business activity; and promote a culture in n which all n Shell employees share this commitment. The Health Safety Environment Sustainable Development Department has a fantastic way of ensuring the safety of all shell personnel. The department has high standards thus create Goal Zero, which are now used at all global offices. The pitfalls are the lack of leadership globally due to low face to face time and department performance. By generating more awareness towards leaders and increasing their leadership skills, this problem can be reduced slowly. As well as improving performance by creating a plan to be aware of regulatory improvements during business execution. In addition to commit to the goals that can create better The Supplier Management Department In the Supplier Management Department, they contract solutions and supply automated ways of coordinating key supplier relationships. Ms. Patricia Isaac was our interviewee, whose Job title is Cost Management Analyst, has been working for Shell for 8 years. Her responsibilities include Contracting Procurement to drive lower cost of supply through Enterprise Category Management. The Supplier Management Department delivers their services to all Shell business and their functions to drive lower supply cost through knowing their commercial suppliers with an execution of a focused mindset. They find automated ways of working (Contracts, Contractor HOSE, and Systems Processes), coordinate key supplier relationships across the Group and delivers SMS through the businesses and for the Functions and P Own Spend. In order to follow policy they receive guidance from the Supply Chain Model of Business Needs, Supply chain Cost Models, with this they comprehend the cost and value driver in Supply Management to identify opportunities so that the cost can be removed and have value added for Shell. They emphasize the guidelines of their contract management plan, in order to continue to define the expectation they need to fulfill with Shell in order to continue working with diverse segments. The overall strategy of the Supplier Management Department is to know the Business, know the Suppliers, be Commercial and execute Top Quartile performance to ensure they are a competitive differentiator for Shell. One area that is problematic in the Supplier Management Department is eliminating suppliers even Hough they meet selection criteria and not sustaining relationship with them. The current process of how the department in choosing their suppliers cuts down on the Innovation part AT Kennels strategy. I Nell procedure Is Toweling tongue teen companys market conditions and cost, and their requirements. They define and select contract type with appropriate reward and performance by tracking down mechanisms. In order to improve their performance, Supply Management needs to evaluate the suppliers proposal and continue to work with the supplier who will continue to work with them in order to pursue the optimization of distributing Hansel. The Supplier Management Department needs to consider logistical constraints and analyze the risks involved with each supplier. In order to maintain their competitive advantage, Shell must continue to assess which suppliers are keeping pace with the ever changing market. The broad differentiation strategy that Shell implements throughout the company stresses constant innovation in order to stay ahead of the imitative competitors. Shell knows that their competitors are always looking to imitate and progress before them, so it is vital that the supplier management department cut down on their potential suppliers. This will lead Shell to maintain their competitive advantage. It is our recommendation that Shell focus on their objective of ESSAY (Eliminate, Simplify, Standardize, Automate). Bringing focus in this area will assist them in interpreting which supplier can help them be more beneficial and will streamline the processes involved with getting the product to market. Failure to implement this strategy will continue to lead to inconsistent and ineffective approaches to knowing the supply side of the business and can have impact when dealing their international department. In order to increase the rive in, Shell executives must have an objective in which it they can enhance the companys competitive advantage. The set process of ESSAY is a key factor of the company to stay intact globally. Even though their process to eliminate company who do not meet Shells requirement, is already develop it needs to be strengthen in order for this area to be relevant to govern authority and be able to convert sourcing packages to Shell. The Supplier Management Department needs to have a clear contract management plan that segments and defines contract management expectations by area segments identified by Shell. In order to see the process of the effectiveness of the clear contract, receiving feedback from suppliers can improve future performance, fulfill contractual objectives, and fulfill mandatory HOSE (health, safety, security, and environment) requirements. In order to sustain the relationship with their supplier, they need to see how well established is their strategies, processes, and behaviors consistent with Shells diversity and inclusiveness. They need to work on the opportunity optimization of the suppliers relationship; the result from this is creating value in opportunities of generating more market segmentation. Ms. Isaac stated that they work to mature the supplier through the relationship stages of Proving; Performing; and Partnering with their suppliers globally. To continue the formality of the relationship they could also identify, engage, develop and sustain supplier inclusion efforts. Having both parties interest in mind can help them focus on the reduce effort of duplication and increase teen Arleen AT teen alma to enhance teen ell son s competitive advantage. At this moment, the Supplier Management Department is focusing on their Category Management and how to contract the process, improve the Global Framework Agreements and the Global Sustainable Sourcing. By improving these areas especially, the Category Management and the improvement of the agreement, can help them minimize the cost, using the effectiveness of the Cooperative Strategies will help them even the distribution of the responsibility in order to execute in the highest level of function. By supporting the strategic work of the Powering Progress Together with their suppliers it extends the enterprise by working across organizational boundaries. Continuing with their department core competencies, they delivers Project contracting solutions, sets global standard, liver benefits; attract sustain competitive advantage and benchmark top quartile performance with total quality behaviors and performance they set themselves apart from competitors. Shells HER processes, such as attraction, on boarding, retention, development of intellectual capital, and motivation can all increase Shells return on its investment in people. The HER function is responsible for putting these processes into practice in a way that delivers better business results. The HER role as a function is to provide the HER strategy and infrastructure, and to input to business strategy in a way that enables high performance and market attractiveness. The HER team contribute to the profitable and reputation of Shell. Shells HER function is aligned with Shells overall Group strategy of More Upstream and Profitable Downstream, and builds on their priority to deliver the short term imperatives of working with the businesses and functions, and ensuring delivery on identifying savings, developing the organization in a simpler and more accountable structure where there is greater speed for decision making and implementation, while building for long term impact and sustained improvement The four Shell HER Strategic Priorities are: I Strength I Weaknesses lopsidedness I Threats I I Talent Now a Sustainable Elf addressed, will meet the I Encompasses implementation IA promotion of diversity and I If left unaddressed, Shell I Future Supply I immediate talent demands of LIFO the resounding strategy I inclusiveness to help form allow not have an adequate I I I the business and address the land a focus on top quartile Score part of Shells People I pipeline of qualified recruitment I requirements I Standards. I long-term talent lymphocytes to succeed currently I I leaders. Strengthening Leadership I Reinforces the continued Shell has not developed an I Can drive the increase in Elf not reinforced, I I Deepening Professionalism I commitment to leadership I adequate succession I technical and professional I leadership will not be I I I development and deepening I pipeline. I capitally, I professional capability. I professional capability of I I I properly developed anon TN lamentations off global I and business-driven largenesss will be diminished I I I strategy. Over the long term. I Lampooning Individual I Continued emphasis on I Measured through the Shell I Continued support to I If simplification is not I laryngitiss Performance I simplifying the organization I People Survey which I business critical programs I integrated in the Tit better integrate I sometimes does not tell land strategies through laryngitis, Shell will be I I Capability on a Group wide Complete picture. I business partnering I unable to integrate Capability building. Structures work. I basis and focusing on makings Capability over its global I I I current logout, making it difficult I I LIFO current structures to I I I operate. Increased Efficiency I Released through continued I Shell struggles to Deliver Benefits Scale HER Twit global systems, it is I Effectiveness of HER Systems Standardization and I standardize and simplify I Services imperative that Shell 1 Processes Simplification of HER I most HER process globally. I I processes. Oral I become unbearable I I lover time. Continue to standardize and I I Simplify its HER processes I cost will Shells HER uses a broad differentiation strategy, which focuses on building the best talent pipeline in the industry and thereby ensuring the maintenance of its competitive edge as a technological leader. Shells HER Executive is accountable for legalizing the planned activity. Progress against the four key strategic activity areas are actively monitored and is reviewed formally on a quarterly basis by the HER Executive, and supplemented by tracking, reporting and assurance mechanisms put in place by the HER Strategy team. This focus is complemented by additional measures to ensure the management of talent, costs and headcount, assurance of Shells people standards, and continued performance in the top quartile. This strategy is valid because it is consistent with performance from previous years, and manages HER-related risks that impact individual businesses. Risk responses, in the past, have been updated to take account of plan activities to the extent they provide mitigating action to Group level and business specific HER risks. What makes this strategy work is that each key activity area owner is responsible for ensuring risks and mitigating actions are identified and maintained for their own projects. However, each HER business activity area owner must work to deliver on Talent Management, Diversity Inclusion, Leadership Development, Performance Management, Change Management and Global HER Process Execution individually. Recommendations: Talent Management The HER businesses must deliver on annual full time employment targets, ensuring they hire a more than adequate amount of graduates into the pipeline to ensure annual recruitment targets are met. Shell has a great Leadership Development Program, but in the past has had trouble with follow-up on employees who have gone through the program. Management must do better to continue the development of the employees who have completed this program by providing the opportunities/assignments needed for development to employees once identified. Shell HER must improve representation of females at the senior management level cross the globe, by ensuring a robust continued pipeline of female talent at the lower levels to draw upon. Shell HER must increase the number of diverse candidates in positions to ensure an effort to improve representation of people of color, and develop and implement appropriate plans to ensure there is a continued increase in diversity representation by targeting graduate hires at more diverse colleges when recruiting. Strengthening Leadership Developing Professionalism Shell HER should have annual talent reviews to ensure effective leadership coverage ratios exist across all the Shell regions, and develop adequate successions Lana for all management positions. This is an urgent issue for Shell because many of its top executives will be nearing retirement, and there is a major concern for adequate replacement. To assist with this issue, Shell HER should conduct annual learning reviews and develop learning strategy considerate of current/needed interventions. Shell HER must build a delivery culture by reinforcing individual accountability and active performance of its succession pipeline on a more rapid basis. Improving Individual Organizational Performance Shell HER has a new working model that it must continue to work to operational y driving the development and delivery of the HER organization and the Shell vision. To accomplish this goal, they must deliver effective HER organizational effectiveness support to newly formed leadership teams and business projects. Shell HER should also do a better Job on boarding new employees, and monitoring the consistency of the on boarding program; it appears to not have consistency in this program. Shell HER should drive a culture of accountability and performance management by ensuring a focus on safety, simplification, costs and adding value to the business. Shell HER must deliver on hiring the full time employee targets and monitoring

The French Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

The French Revolution - Essay Example The reign of terror was another characteristic event of the war (Vardalos and Letts 2009, 382). Overall the course was a bloody one that resulted in the destruction of the entire institutions and segments of the society that had once been the most influential ones in the corridors of decision making. The arrival of the likes of Maximilien Robespierre (McNeese 2000, 11), Siayes (Sieyà ¨s and Sonenscher 2003, 31), and Napoleon Bonaparte made it more significant in the context of the events that took place. Some of them were outright authoritative and reactionary in nature; others were based on the principles of recon illation of the church and concordat with the pope(Gregory 2001, 81). Overall, the revolution had taken the entire continent into its grip in direct and indirect manner. The revolution came the concepts like Equality, Liberty and Fraternity (Spicker 2006, 10) to the people and gave them a new hope to

Reaction Paper Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reaction Paper - Personal Statement Example ise in relationships between physicians and nurses are signals of absence of effective communication skills, which, in its turn, affects the attitude of patients towards nurses and the system of medical care in total. There have been multiple approaches to the issue of communication between a physician and a nurse: from the fields of cooperation, feminist studies, team psychology, cultutal perspective, organizational behavior, human factors science, etc. It has been proved that certain aspects of patient outcomes and safety are related to the level of this professional communication, and some of communication strategies in hospitals turned out to be more effective than others. So the bottom line is – communication between nurses and physicians should be improved by all means, no matter what specific method is used (in the chapter among others the author lists such methods as recognizing corporate culture, quality improvement, continuous assessment, reducing conflict etc). Pretty much all of these methods yield their results, proving effective, and there is no sufficient empirical evidence to prioritise any of them above the others. Claiming that â€Å"there is mixed or weak evidence to su pport using some of the techniques described in the cited literature†, Jean Ann Seago suggests a number of steps to be taken in the course of improving professional communication in a hospital – from evaluating strategies using measuarable outcomes and selecting the one that suits the particular organization to slow and step-by-step implementation of these strategies during a long period of

Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Interview - Essay Example Bad is what the religion declares bad. Religion is the fundamental source of evaluation of matters and their categorization as good or bad. Likewise, right is what religion allows and wrong is what religion disallows. In case one is not able to retrieve firm decision of the religion upon a matter, one should use the common sense to decide whether an action is right or wrong. Perfection means zero mistake. Excellence is the level closest to perfection, but not perfection. Justice is what makes a system stable and sustainable. Peace/harmony is lack of conflict. Compromise and patience are required to achieve peace/harmony. The end/goal/objective of existence is worshipping of one God and living the life according to His instructions. This objective can be achieved by studying and adjusting the ways in accordance with the instructions in the Holy book and following the instructions and actions of the Prophet. Family is the basic social unit. Family is a system wherein people are related to one another and have certain rights upon and responsibilities towards one another as dictated by the religion. A community is any group of people that have some kind of shared interests. Society is the conglomerate of communities. Different communities join together to form a society. Culture is a conglomerate of the social norms, values, trends and traditions which are formed jointly by the history, religion and the geography. We learn the culture of our own society by living and growing up in it. We learn about other cultures through literature and media. Social interaction is the dealing of individuals with one another. A relationship is an interaction guided by the rights and responsibilities of the related parties towards each other. Trade is the name of exchange. Economics is the management of finances. Power is authority accompanied with responsibility. Politics is a

Witness Memory as Evidence in Criminal Trials

Witness Memory as Evidence in Criminal Trials 1. When, and why, are witnesses’ memories unreliable as evidence in criminal trials in England and Wales? Memory Memory is one’s ability to recall the past events. Memory let us explain our personal experiences and perception about anything which is occurred in past. Types Of Memory There are three types of memory Episodic Memory Episodic memory refers to our memory of special event like accident, death etc. Semantic Memory There are too many general knowledge is stored in one’s mind which comes under the semantic memory type. It also refers to the information which is stored in our mind to perform any skill. It also tells us how to perform in some repeated situation. Procedural Memory Understanding the procedural memory is rather difficult to understand and contains different kind of information. Generally it refers to series of events which occurred on numerous times. Importance Of Witness Memory Witness memory is a fuel of any investigation because it let investigator to collect information about incident but human memory is too fragile to exactly remember every moment. There are also numerous factors involved which affect witness memory that is environment factors, witness factors, stress levels of the witness/victim, weapon focus. When Witness Memory Is Unreliable As Evidence? Witnesses memories are unreliable as evidence in criminal trials in England and Wales when there is a â€Å"TurnBull† direction indicated the state of witness at the time of incident happened because so many researches has found the massive impression on the quality of information. What Is TurnBull? There are too many environmental factors which affect the memory of witness and can damage the quality and quantity of information. R. V. Turnbull guidance proposed a term ADVOKATE Amount of time one observed Distance – What was the distance between event and witness Visibility – How much the scene was clear? Obstruction – Was there anything obscuring the view? Known or seen before – If the situation was familiar? Any reason to remember – What is the reason behind to remember. Time lapse – How long the exposure of event? Error or material discrepancy – Is there any discrepancy between the fact and the description (Booklet). Why Witness State Is Unreliable In England and Wales, Evidence is not reliable, when there is a Turnbull direction in a state of witness because sometime witness rely on external help to recall the incident or he may have perceived wrongly due to distance or visibility or both (Bull, 1999) Generally people under the investigation are not ready to recall the incident currently. Many factors like fear, stress and nervousness can affect their quality of information. Sometimes they rely on external resources to feed them and they wrongly perceive the series of happening occurred at TBR events. Sometimes witness may lie for any previous dispute or grudge. Witness may be biased and can provide wrong information to affect the investigation Conclusion Since witness memory depends on lots of factors which are indicated through the famous term ADVOKATE therefore investigation should be taken with caution and every term of ADVOKATE should be properly and clearly note down. To gather worthy information from the witness, should check the witness personal preference of biasness or favoritism. It should also be checked that whether the witness is pressurized by the culprit to speak lie. What changes should be made, to the procedures for identifying suspects in criminal investigations in England and Wales, according to psychological research? Human memory is too fragile to exactly remember the incident which happened that is why interviewing the witness to identifying the suspect is rather difficult task. It can also affect by the â€Å"Turnbull† directions. Usually witness replies the interviewer in broad term and can only describe six or seven characteristics of suspect like age (Between 20-30) or height (between 5’6’’ – 5’8’’) that is why it is always difficult to get accurate knowledge about victim. The accurate information may be collected through cognitive interview but this type of interview demands too much time to conclude things. These re the reasons for which psychological research stress on the identification parade to identify the culprit. (Kapardis ebrary, 2010) Why Should Be Identification Parade Arranged? Identification parade are arranged to avoid two hurdles of identifying the culprit. Verbal Overshadowing In most of crime, during the investigation, witness is interviewed by more than one officer and provided stream of information due to which he can mix up the details which is stored in witnesses’ mind and the information he is provided by the officers about culprit. If identification parade is arranged then a witness can easily identify the suspect or the person who is somehow linked with the crime. Information To The Public Some crimes are needed to announce in public through media and police shows the picture, video or sketch of suspect in public. Sometimes a totally innocent person can be suspected and shown to public. Witnesses, after seeing the police announcement about suspect can to mix-up the faces of suspect with actual culprit. In that case, after the identification parade, officers are directed to ask witnesses whether they have seen any broadcast on media or not? Asking directly to the witness is rather strange. According to researchers, it is more appropriate to ask logically by the witness rather than directly. Changing Facial Expressions. Facial expressions of people are changed with the passage of time due to weight, tiredness, hair color or culprit can deliberately change it to be hidden from the police but if culprit is arrested for identification parade then he cannot change his facial expression and can be identified by the witness. Conclusion Investigation with witness should be deal with cautious and interviewer should know the art of interviewing to get accurate information. Investigator should avoid direct questions like was that man wearing black shirt? Or did you see blood spot on right side of window? It is recommended to ask series of questions to grab the fact like the series below. What have you seen at spot? Can you tell us the gender of person you have seen? What was he wearing? It is also recommended to setup interview as soon as possible because there is margin of memory fail. Describe the extent to which offender profiling is relied upon both in criminal investigations and in criminal trials in England and Wales.? Offender Profiling Offender profiling is a tool of investigation about the culprit with the help of evidences. Offender profiling is commonly perceive as a magical ability of investigator to put hands on the culprit. It is also called psychological profiling, criminal personality profiling, profile analysis and the offender profiling is carried by the profilers or offender profilers. Offender profiling is a psychological assessment of evidence which is collected from the crime scene. Offender profiler collects evidence from the crime scene and assess assumes the personality type which usually exhibits similar patterns (Jackson Bekerian, 1997). Aims Of Profiling The aim of profiling is to get closer to suspect and get the answer of three questions What happened at the spot of incident? What personality type can be involved in it? What personality traits can be possessed by that personality type? These questions are generally analyzed by the psychologist who are expert of their field and are outside of the police department. Limitations Of Offender Profiling Although the crime scene can reflect the personality of offender and psychiatrist put insights on it but sometimes searching the link between the crime and mental state of offender is not cleared or understandable. It is also criticized that psychologist are helpful only in the crime which are committed in extreme cases of mental illness. They are not much useful in the crimes which are not committed due to mental illness. One more criticism is usually done on clinical approach that psychologists works according to science of psychology which is remain ambiguous and has flaws in it. Understanding and evaluating complex human psyche is rather difficult task and sometimes it is understood completely wrong Conclusion Offender profiling is no doubt a significant part of crime investigation but it is also limited in a way. It restricts psychiatrist to some specific pattern of personality traits while human behavior is always complex and cannot read accurately always. It is not necessary that crime scene always show the exact pattern of behavior which culprit exhibit. Identify the key ways in which the research, into common forms of decision-error, might inform and improve practice in criminal investigations and trials? Deception Identifying someone’s lie is not easy according to research reaching correct result is tending to fall between 50 to 60 percent. The more common reason of this trend is over confidence of people in their ability to judge others. Detection Of Deception Despite of fact that deception cannot be easily caught, people also make some basic judgment errors. These judgment errors are categorized in five types. Pinocchio’s Nose There is indeed some universal signs of lying like stammering, avoid eye contact, blushing but it cannot equally apply to everybody on the earth. So these universal signals may guide to wrong direction. Erroneous Assumptions Some people thing that deception can easily be caught by facial expression or they are the master of face reading. Some people do have the ability of face reading but in general this ability is over estimated. Othello Error This type of error is actually comes in existence due to Shakespeare’s drama where Othello achieved his target by accusing Desdemona but in modern criminal justice system this error misleads because most of people became nervous and feared when the feel that they are under observation. The Plausibility Problem Plausible and implausible problems have problem to judge right because we do not believe implausible event if it is reported by some old man. Countermeasures A natural liar can deceive the interviewer after noticing the interviewer suspicion and can adjust his/her behavior accordingly. Techniques To Improve Decision Errors Scholars and researchers proposed three techniques of improving decision errors. Un- spoken deeds Lying can be judged by the entire body language which includes gestures, postures, facial expressions, voice quality etc. Some common proposed techniques of judging un spoken deeds are: Decrease in movement of entire legs till feet Decrease in hand movements Sudden increase and decrease in voice. These all assumed signs should be deal with cautious because it cannot be true in every situation like deception errors and may lead to in accurate judgment. Spoken Deeds Numerous techniques are used to judge the â€Å"REAL† of words that are written or spoken. The two most famous techniques of read between the lines are: Statement Validity Analysis (SVA) which is developed by Steller and Kohnken in 1997 which is then incorporated by Criteria Based Content Analysis (CBCA). It implies that our account is different in content and quality in case of reality or imagination. This techniques uses nineteen criteria to judge a statement. This technique is not commonly use in U.K. Physiological Methods The most common technique of physiological method is Polygraph, which measures physiological reaction like heart beat, sweating etc to check the deception. The polygraph is conducted through different sensors that are attached to the body and every physiological reaction recorded as a graphical presentation. Although polygraph is considered as very effective tool of detecting deception and has been used in different countries but it is not used in U.K. criminal justice system due to complex human nature and the fact that human behavior and their psychological reactions are vary from person to person. Conclusion To improve decision making process in U.K spoken deeds and physiological test should be considered because these two techniques have been using in different countries and showing successful results to some extent but these techniques should be used with the caution and must not be rated overly. It should be used with the understanding that human nature varies from person to person and same reactions cannot be equally applied to everybody Bibliography Booklet. (n.d.). Retrieved from Police Service Of Northern Ireland: http://www.psni.police.uk/de/public_order_8th_edition.pdf Milne, R. and Bull, R. (1999).Investigative interviewing: Psychology and practice. Chichester: Wiley.† Kapardis, A., ebrary, I. (2010). Psychology and law: a critical introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press 2010. 1 | Page

Goegraphy of Dominica :: Essays Papers

Goegraphy The geography of Dominica is quite unique. It is an island fortress unlike any other island in the Caribbean, and is the largest and most mountainous of the Windward Islands. The island was created by volcanic activity, and still today shows signs of active volcanic activity. Its steep mountains prevented colonists from completely taking over and have made the island a prime destination for Eco-tourists. The island contains over 3,000 peaks, the tallest of which are Morne Diablotin (4,747 ft) and Morne Trois Pitons (4,600ft). (www.delphis.com) The island itself is located between the French islands of Guadeloupe to the north and Martinique to the south. It is 29 miles long and 16 miles wide, and covers 290 square miles. Its exact location is approximately 15 degrees North and 61 degrees West (www.delphis.dm). The island of Dominica is home to the only surviving population of Carib Indians. This was only possible because of Dominica’s treacherous mountains. Early European colonist were not able to drive out or kill all the natives as they had done on other islands. The Caribs now live in the â€Å"Carib Territory†, a 3700-acre reservation on the northeast coast, which was given to them in 1903. The reservation has a chief and is home to between 300 – 3000 Caribs (the exact number of Caribs is hard to determine because without detail genealogy records it hard to prove or disprove that someone actually is a Carib). (www.delphis.dm) The recent boom in eco-tourism has made Dominica one of the premiere tourist destinations both in the Caribbean and in the world. In recent years Dominica has designated more national parks, forests and marine reserves per capita than nearly anywhere else in the world. Dominica’s largest national park is the Morne Trois Pitons National Park. It covers 17,000 acres (9% of the island), and is home to the world’s largest boiling lake. The lake is 70 yards across with an unknown depth and the lake is situated over a massive volcanic sulfur vent, which keeps the water temperature between 180 – 197 degrees Fahrenheit. The park is also home to several waterfalls over 100 feet tall. The average temperature range is between 75 and 85 degrees Fahrenheit. Average rainfall varies between 50 inches on coastal areas, and 300 inches with in the interior. The driest months are from January to June, and hurricane season which is usually between July and early October.