Kingsford Charcoal Business Case free essay sample

Throughout the mid year of 2000 two brand administrators were entrusted with deciding the reason for the conditioning in the general charcoal class showcase and to give suggestions that would change that. The Clorox Company was established in 1913, its first item being the modern quality fluid blanch produced using a blend of chlorine and hydroxide. By 1957, Clorox was the main maker of dye in the US and was bought by Procter and Gamble. In spite of the fact that the deal was finished, the US Federal Trade tested the procurement and hence PG had to strip Clorox in 1969. From that point forward Clorox has forcefully sought after a development methodology driven by procurement and inner innovative work. By 2000, the organization had more than 50 items that were market to shopper everywhere throughout the world and almost the entirety of its items were among the pioneers in their individual classifications. The Clorox Company Financials (Exhibit 1) shows net deals and net profit slight up when contrasted with earlier years; anyway the quarterly and half year united explanation show a decline in the last two quarters progressively noteworthy in the last quarter of the year. We will compose a custom article test on Kingsford Charcoal Business Case or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This corresponds with a decrease in the volume development for Kingsford (Exhibit 3) during the last two quarters just as the flame broil infiltrations and barbecue shipment patterns both indicating a reduction in the year 2000, in this manner, the significance of getting, serving and developing the market for Kingsford’s item classification. Section A. 1. Given your examination of the Kingsford case, what are (or sensibly could be) the key drivers affecting the watched pattern towards declining development rates as of late? Ensure that you remember your reason for your answer? As we audited the case and the information accessible we found that different variables could have sensibly affected the watched patterns towards the decrease as of late. A portion of these drivers had a more grounded, more noteworthy effect than others. A. Increment In Price The investigation finished by Smith Boyle and Warren shows that both the private mark and Kingsford contender had increment their cost altogether throughout the most recent year, and that this expansion in cost may have driven purchasers to move to different options for flame broiling, for example, gas barbecuing. We concur this may have affected a portion of the decrease, in spite of the fact that we do accept the effect was little contrasted with different drivers. The cost increment among contenders and private marks diminished the hole that existed between these brands and Kingsford around to 13. 9%-15% on normal charcoal and by approx. 7% in the moment # 8 sack. In spite of the fact that Kingsford kept their costs consistent, a few accomplices marginally expanded the cost for Kingsford charcoal too. One of we accept the effect because little is that in spite of the fact that the general charcoal market volume was dropping Kingsford piece of the overall industry expanded from 51. % to 59% in 2000. Cost increment in different brands, saw to be of a lesser quality than Kingsford, drove those offers into Kingsford. Among other Charcoal brands Kingsford is very much situated, of better execution and saw better quality over its rivals. It likewise gives special assortment between its customary sacks and those rewarded with fluid liquid just as comfort of utilization with the different sizes of packs. In light of this we need to keep on having a sound hole in cost between the private marks, contenders and Kingsford. B. Number of Category SKU’s: Private marks, Royal Oak, Kingsford Like all classes and increment in sku’s make it increasingly hard for customers to pick and progressively hard for separation. In spite of the fact that the article doesn't really expound with respect to the measure of charcoal contenders (makes reference to Private Labels and Royal Oaks) , private names have numerous focal points and expanding market control over fabricated brands. Private names are increasingly productive and typically will have lower cost in RD, publicizing, deals advancements and circulation. What's more space at retail locations for shows or potentially advancements are scant in this manner an expense will be required for different brands to show or advance their brands without decreasing showcase of their private name items just as ensuring they are all around supplied. In this circumstance, the decrease of sku’s is more for the retailer with the goal that expenses are overseen and both private marks and different brands can show their items, since it will in all likelihood be the situation that if space somehow managed to be taken it will be from different brands. All things considered, we are not suggesting disposing of private marks, anyway we do feel that keeping things straightforward at the retail location will take into account better chances to show and product the item and give purchaser the chance to pick between two brands (private name and Kingsford ) as opposed to having the retail settle on that choice for the customer by lessening the measure of show for different brands, not having different brands on stock or â€Å"over emphasizing† private name brands , which for the most part bid more to a particular gathering of purchaser. Not giving buyers what they are searching for can lead and may have prompted picking elective sorts of flame broiling over the charcoal classification. More grounded joint effort with private names will be required so as to diminish the effect these have in the offer of Kingsford brand. A few suggestions incorporates: Partner successfully by looking for win-win associations with retailers through methodologies that praises the retailer’s private name. A case of this is the procedure Sales Director Nick Vlahos was suggesting which is keeping costs same, to purchase more opportunity to manufacture a superior relationship with retailers that will build appropriation and promoting backing to Kingsford. As part fo the coordinated effort/association Kingsford would share information and assist them with seeing how their business increment when clients purchase charcoal. Another suggestion would be for Kingsford to develop with new items that beat private marks and ensure the licensed innovation of those advancements. Also, in conclusion make winning offers that gives brand emblematic symbolism just as practical quality that beats private marks. Private names are seen to be financially savvy, â€Å"cheaper† item and hence Kingsford needs to guarantee that their offer, quality and cost mirror the exceptional item they are. C. Move In Market; Gas Grilling Growth Vs. Charcoal Grill The charcoal classification has eased back from 4% development in 1998 to 1999 to a 2% development from the first 50% of 1999 to the first 50% of 2000. The estimated development didn't show improvement and before the finish of 2000 the whole class was down comparative with 1999. In spite of the fact that the charcoal class is by all accounts declining the flame broiling industry by and large was developing. The quantity of occasions of grill had gone up in the U. S. from 1. 4 billion out of 1987 to 2. 7 billion out of 1995 and more than 3 billion out of 2000. The majority of this development had originated from proprietorship being among more youthful, bigger, higher, salary families. Normal explanations behind flame broiling incredible flavor, want to be outside, gathering with family and companion, simple tidy up and familiarity. For the individuals who pick charcoal as their kind of flame broiling do as such for the hands on understanding and those picking gas as their favored technique do as such for the comfort, simple tidy up , shorter cooking time and so on. As we explored the information for the gas flame broiling class we saw that shipments for barbecues have constantly demonstrated development since 1997, practically half in a time of 3 years. The barbecue infiltration patterns affirm the abatement in charcoal needs since the information shows the percent of family unit that claimed a charcoal flame broil has declined roughly 3% percent since 1998, while the gas barbecue expanded by 2%. Family unit containing the two sorts of flame broil have remained moderately level year over year, which persuades that the heading is towards gas barbecuing as the favored technique for those that left charcoal. A segment of this move might be because of the cost increment customers experience in spite of the fact that, as referenced above in the cost increment segment our understanding dependent on the information that a negligible measure of buyer decided to go with gas barbecuing versus charcoal in light of cost increment. We accept that the more youthful, bigger and higher pay families that were contributing in the development of barbecuing in general were most likely not as acquainted with the charcoal strategy and since gas flame broiling has put essentially in notice over $10 MM in 2000, this may have contributed fundamentally in catching the new age of â€Å"grillers† into that classification. D. Abatement in Advertisement Spend Impacting Overall Category Grilling is a piece of the American texture and Kingsford is all around situated through its apparent quality to keep on commanding inside its class; charcoal. The flame broiling industry is a developed one and Kingsford claims 57% of the piece of the pie, while private names brands catch 34% and Royal Oak has 7%. During the most recent quite a long while the ad dollars has been essentially lessen (83%) by Kingsford, yet by the classification generally speaking. Given the development of this market and the way that a move in the market is by all accounts happening as expressed in factor C the decrease around there appears to have altogether affected the class. Also the gas barbecuing had increment their promoting spends from under $4M in 1998 to over $ 10 M in 2000. Albeit Charcoal is a full grown business, which implies we ought to designate assets diversely with regards to showcasing the item, the way that gas flame broiling has expanded their commercial dollars over the most recent quite a long while, helping clients comprehend why they should b

Critical Response

The senior undertaking I decided to do, was to contend in the John Muir Woods Marathon. I chose to run this long distance race since running has consistently been an enthusiasm of mine, and I needed to take it to the following level and contend in an official long distance race. In preparing for the long distance race, I learned self-restraint, perseverance, and how to have endurance. I likewise realized, that a long distance race (26. 2 miles) is significantly longer than it really appears! I had the option to raise an aggregate of $336. 0 towards the Danny Zabicki Foundation. Running a long distance race was both the hardest, yet most compensating thing I have ever done in my life. In spite of the fact that I realized that it would be a long course, it kept going significantly longer than I had foreseen, and I was certainly not expecting such a large number of steps and slopes in the run. I realized that the race would comprise of 4,400 feet of climbing and diving, however until I really began running the course, that number didn’t mean a lot to me. We will compose a custom paper test on Reflection on Running a Marathon or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page After the initial three miles, I was completely mindful of what 4,400 feet if climbing and sliding involved. It’s still too early to tell on the off chance that I could ever run another long distance race. Nonetheless, I have no second thoughts in doing as such. My loved ones tagged along to help me, and I had the option to see them at each check point for support. It was additionally compensating that I could have ever envisioned. To finish it off, I was really ready to run for a reason, which made it even more important to me.

How to Combat Stress With Good Nutrition

How to Combat Stress With Good Nutrition Stress Management Management Techniques Print How to Combat Stress with Good Nutrition You’re Never Too Busy For Good Nutrition! By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on June 24, 2019 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living Frank P. Wartenberg/ Getty Images As we get busy and stressed, we tend to make poor nutritional choices that can actually increase our stress levels and cause other problems. We may do this because were in a hurry and its easier to grab pre-packaged food that may be less healthy, Or we may do this because we crave less healthy food when were stressed. We may get so busy we forget to eat or skip meals, filling them in with unhealthy snack foods. Whatever the reason, when we eat an unhealthy diet, we may experience short-term and long-term consequences. We may feel less energetic, and this lack of energy can affect our productivity and stress levels. We may be less able to fight off sickness, and this poor health can affect our quality of life and our stress levels. We may be short-tempered or overly-emotional, and this can affect our relationships and our stress levels. If youve noticed a pattern, this is because nutrition can affect stress levels in so many ways. Here are ten tips for getting good nutrition and maintaining a more healthy diet, even under stress. After a few weeks, they’ll become habit and you won’t even have to think about good nutrition. And your bodyâ€"not to mention your stress levelâ€"will feel the difference! Eat Breakfast You may rationalize that you’re not hungry yet, that you don’t have time, that lunch will come soon enough, that you need to diet anyway, or that the milk in the latte you pick up on the way is all the good nutrition you need. But skipping breakfast makes it harder to maintain stable blood sugar levels and effective functioning during your busy morning; you need it. (You can easily grab a hard-boiled egg and container of orange juice on your way out the door, right?) Opt For Green Tea If you’re a coffee junkie, you may not realize the effects caffeine has on your system. However, you can reduce your stress levels and improve your mental performance throughout the day if you gradually wean yourself off of large amounts of caffeine. A relatively easy and healthy way to do that is to replace coffee with decaffeinated green tea, which has a soothing taste and the added benefit of loads of antioxidants. Try Sparkling Juice or Perrier If you’re a cola drinker, you’re probably experiencing the same health consequences from caffeine that coffee drinkers experience. A more healthful alternative is sparkling fruit juice or sparkling water. You’ll still be getting a refreshing treat, but you’ll be adding water to your system, rather than detracting it (caffeine saps your system of water, so drinking it is akin to un-drinking water!), and you’ll be avoiding other caffeine-related side effects. Carry a Snack Having some protein-rich, healthful snacks in your car, office, or purse can help you avoid blood sugar level dips and accompanying mood swings and fatigue. Trail mix, granola bars, and certain energy bars all contain good nutrition. Along these lines, you should always have water handy  as it’s so vital to health and proper physical functioning. Healthy Munches If you find that you absently munch when you’re stressed, or have a pattern of snacking at certain times in the day or week, you can replace chips, cheese puffs and other less-healthy munchies with carrot sticks, edamame, celery sticks, sunflower seeds or other more healthy choices. (Even popcorn is a better choice if you leave off the butter and salt!) Brown Bag It Many people go out for lunch to fast food places, coffee shops or restaurants that serve less-than-optimally-healthy fare. While this does save a bit of time, you can save money and usually eat much healthier if you take a few extra minutes to pack and bring a lunch from home. Even if you do this only a few days a week, it would be an improvement over eating every lunch out. No Caffeine After 2 pm Since caffeine has a half-life in your body of at least 6 hours, caffeine you ingest with dinner can interfere with your sleep at night. (See this article to learn more about the importance of sleep.) Banish the Bad Stuff It’s easier to avoid sugary, fatty, and otherwise unhealthy foods if they’re not in your home, practically begging you to eat them! This may sound like a no-brainer (yet it’s sometimes harder to do than you’d expect), but you should go through your kitchen and throw out anything your body can’t use in a healthy way. (Or at least most of it.) That way you’ll be forced to snack on healthy food when you’re stressed. Stock Your Home With Healthy Fare Even more important than getting the bad stuff out of your house, is getting healthy food in! The best way is to plan a menu of healthy meals and snacks at the beginning of each week, list the ingredients you’ll need, and shop for everything once a week. That way you know you’ll have what you want when you need it, and you won’t have to stress over what to eat each night; you’ll already have thought of it! (This makes eating at home much easier, too!) Tension Tamers Adopting stress-reducing techniques should also reduce your stress-induced cravings for unhealthy or excessive food. I recommend yoga, martial arts, journaling, laughter, and PMR; here’s a fuller selection of relaxation techniques you can use to calm down and turn off your body’s stress response.

A Proposal For Creating A 100 % Hipaa Environment For Your...

Good Afternoon Dr. Kasper and Charles, I hope everyone is having a great Friday! After careful considerations and due-diligence into several different options - both cloud and in-house, I have attached a proposal for creating a 100% HIPAA environment for your dental practice. HIPAA is a tough thing to break down into simple terms and the proposal is very complex, as it combines one-time costs, yearly costs, and monthly costs. At the request of Charles, I am providing the proposal in its entirety to you in advance. I shall take a moment from here to go over a few points on the idiosyncrasies of both options and some food for thought on each. Cloud option: The Cloud is one of the best options for small businesses in Healthcare. With the right set-up, you may pass-through all of your local connections, including x-ray machines, directly through to the cloud in a protected HIPAA compliant fashion. This gives you incredible flexibility and is a completely hands-off approach in compliance with all materials that are in the cloud. ClearData, a leader in security and cloud technologies should provide you with a server to store all data, virtual desktops for each of the employees, and handle all security-related tasks for the cloud environment (SIEM, Log Analysis, Security Events, Management, Vulnerabilities, Anti-Virus, and patching). The Cloud quote contains two sets of services, a server and virtual desktop environments for each of the employees. The server and desktopsShow MoreRelated2006 Arroyo Case Study31910 Words   |  128 Pagesat (800) 898-4506 before submitting your form. i 2006 Eligibility Certification Form Page 2 of 7 Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award 5. Applicant Status—continued b. Has your organization ever been a Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award recipient? (Check one.) X J Yes J No If you checked â€Å"No,† proceed to item 6. c. If yes, was your organization an Award recipient in 2000 or earlier? (Check one.) J Yes J No If you checked â€Å"No,† your organization is not eligible to reapplyRead More2006 Arroyo Case Study31910 Words   |  128 PagesProgram Office at (800) 898-4506 before submitting your form. i 2006 Eligibility Certification Form Page 2 of 7 Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award 5. Applicant Status—continued b. Has your organization ever been a Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award recipient? (Check one.) X J Yes J No If you checked â€Å"No,† proceed to item 6. c. If yes, was your organization an Award recipient in 2000 or earlier? (Check one.) J Yes J No If you checked â€Å"No,† your organization is not eligible to reapply thisRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesThis online teaching and learning environment integrates the entire digital textbook with the most effective instructor and student resources With WileyPLUS: Students achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visualRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesperiod profits for seven years in a row. In summary, it is evident that the transition of HR management at GE Fanuc and at Bank of Montreal has enhanced organizational competitiveness and success.1 4 Section 1 HR Management—Strategies and Environment â€Å" HR should be defined not by what it does, but by what it delivers. DAVID ULRICH Human Resource (HR) management The design of formal systems in an organization to ensure the effective and efficient use of human talent to accomplishRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pages90 Review Questions 92 †¢ Discussion Questions 92 †¢ Bibliography 93 Chapter 4 The Data Resource 95 Why Manage Data? 96 Technical Aspects of Managing the Data Resource The Data Model and Metadata Data Modeling 98 Database Programming 100 97 97 Contents Managerial Issues in Managing Data Principles in Managing Data 101 101 The Data Management Process 106 Data Management Policies 110 Review Questions 114 †¢ Discussion Questions 114 †¢ Bibliography 114 ̈ CASE

Nostradamus Essay - 969 Words

Nostradamus nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the 16th century, a French doctor and prophet, Michel de Nostradame, was born. He gained his fame when his predictions of the death of King Henry II of France came true. Nostradamus, as he is also known, wrote a ten volume book, The Centuries, filled with prophecies. He became a man that people from all over the world came to see to seek his counsel. Nostradamus had a life filled with many twists and turns and has made many prophecies that have come true during the twentieth century. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;His grandfathers were the first people to notice his display of talent for prophecy when Nostradamus was very young. His grandfathers taught him a wide range of subjects: classical†¦show more content†¦He helped many people get better from this sickness except his own family. All of them died as a result of the plague. When people heard that he could not even save his own family, his reputation was ruined. He escaped Agen under cover of darkness, heading toward Italy. For the next six years, he wandered in Europe on â€Å"a journey of self-discovery.† (Hogue 16.) It was during this time that his prophetic powers came to life. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Once he settled down again in the city of Salon, he remodeled a floor in his house to make it his private study. There he installed his collection of magical devices: astrolalus, divining rods, magic mirrors, and a brass bowl and tripod. He studied at night and people sometimes wondered what the doctor could possibly be doing while others slept. In 1544, he then published his fist almanac of prophecies. This is where his quatrains were first used in his writings Quatrains are four line poems. The success of this almanac encouraged him to publish one every year until his death. In 1554, he began writing his most famous book, The Centuries. It was to have ten volumes with each containing one hundred quatrains. 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Light-Induced Transformation of Amyloplasts Into Chloroplasts Free Essays

string(144) " tissue as assayed by Ouchterlony double diffusion 0 h \(1\), 6 h \(2\), 12 h \(3\), 24 h \(4\), 48 h \(5\), and 72 h \(6\) after illumination\." Plant Physiol. (1984) 75, 142-145 0032-0889/84/75/0 142/04/$01. 00/0 Light-Induced Transformation of Amyloplasts into Chloroplasts in Potato Tubers’ Received for publication November 9, 1983 and in revised form January 19, 1984 YU S. We will write a custom essay sample on Light-Induced Transformation of Amyloplasts Into Chloroplasts or any similar topic only for you Order Now ZHU, DENISE L. MERKLE-LEHMAN, SHAIN D. KUNG* Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Catonsville, Maryland 21228 ABSTRACT The transformation of amyloplast into chloroplasts in potato (Solawum tuberosum L. ) tuber tissue can be induced by light. Excised potato tuber discs illuminated with white light of 3000 lux bepgn to synthesize chlorophyll after a lag period of 1 day, and continued to synthesize chlorophyll for 3 weeks. In this paper we present evidence, based on ultracentrifugal sedimentation and immunoprecipitation, that the lightmediated synthesis of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase began 1 day after illumination with white light. When illuminated the chloroplasts isolated from light-grown potato tuber tissue incorporated I3SImethionine into polypeptides, one of which has been idenified as the large subunit of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase. These chloroplasts are functional as determined by 02 evolution in the Hill reaction. A great deal of data is now available on the biochemistry of the development of chloroplasts from etioplasts (6). Much less is known about the development of chloroplasts from amyloplasts, a starch storing organeile, which exists in storage tissue, roots, and some callus. It is well known that potatoes turn green on exposure to light for several days. Not only does the study of the organelle transformation and light-regulated gene expression stimulate theoretical interest, but the greening of potato also has some practical importance, since the greening of the potato is accompanied by the formation of the poisonous alkaloid, solanine (5). The morphological and ultrastructural changes in the development of chloroplasts from amyloplasts were described in several electron microscopic studies (3, 11). In this communication we present some biochemical evidence to show the function of chloroplasts from potato tuber based on the biosynthesis of Chl, RuBPCase,2 and Hill activity. lates in sterile Petri dishes (9 cm), 40 discs per dish. The discs were illuminated at room temperature by fluorescent tubes with intensity of 3000 lux. Chlorophyll and RuBPCase Determination. Chl was determined according to Arnon (2). RuBPCase was detected with a Model E analytical ultracentrifuge, as previously described (9). Schlieren pictures were taken at 44 ,770 rpm, 10 min after attaining this speed. An Ouchterlony double diffusion test was employed to determine the RuBPCase specifically. The antiserum was prepared against RuBPCase from tobacco (15). Light-Driven Protein Synthesis in Choroplasts. Ten g of green potato tuber discs which had been exposed to white light for 7 d were homogenized in a Waring Blendor with cold isolation buffer (sucrose 0. 35 M, Hepes-NaCl 25 mm, EDTA 2 mM, isoascorbateNa 2 mm, pH 7. 6) and filtered through 2 layers of Miracloth. The resultant filtrate was centrifuged at 30g for 1 min to remove starch granules, and the supernatant was then centrifuged at 2500g for 1 min. The pellet was resuspended in 1 ml of KCI suspension (KCI 0. 2 M, Tricine-KOH 66 mm, MgCl2 6. 6 mM). The chloroplast suspension was transferred to a Petri dish (3 cm in diameter) and incubated with [135S]methionine (10 ,uCi) at room temperature under white light (4000 lux). During a 2 h incubation, the incorporation of [35S]methionine into proteins was measured. After the 2 h incubation the radioactive polypeptides were separated on an SDS-polyacrylamide gradient gel (815%), followed by fluorography as described by Blair and Ellis (4). 02 Evolution Assay. The ability of chloroplasts from potato tuber discs to evolve 02 was measured in the Hill reaction ccording to the procedure of Marsho et al. (12). The incubation system consisted of ferricyanide 1. 7 mm, methylamine 3 mm, glyceraldehyde 10 mm, and chloroplasts corresponding to 15 yg of Chl in a total volume of 0. 6 ml. The reaction was initiated by irradiation with red light (22. 4 mw/cm2). The 02 evolution was measured and recorded with a polarograph. RESULTS MATERIAILS AND METHODS Chlorophyll Synthesis in Light-Illuminated Potat o Tuber. Our Preparation, Culture, and Light Treatment of Potato Tuber experiments showed that the greening of potato tuber depended Discs. Centennial and Katahdin, two varieties of potato tubers on varieties, storage temperature, light intensity, and wavelength supplied by the United States Department of Agriculture were of light. Out of more than ten varieties of potatoes tested, two used in this study. The tubers were peeled and sterilized with varieties, Centennial and Katahdin, which turn green more Amphyl (National Laboratories, Lehn and Fink Industrial Prod- quickly under light, were selected in this study. Storage of potato ucts Division of Sterling Drug Inc. , New Jersey). Discs (10 x 2 tuber below 4 °C retarded or inhibited the transformation of mm) were made with a sterile cork borer and a gel slicer. These amyloplasts into chloroplasts. Blue light was most effective in discs, after washing in sterile water, were placed on 1% agar inducing greening of potato tubers. No red light stimulation was observed. Potato tuber discs illuminated with white light began to green ‘ Supported by National Institutes of Health grant CM22746-01 and with a lag period of about 1 d. The greening continued for 3 United States Department of Agriculture agreement 58-32044157. 2 Abbreviations: RuBPCase, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase; weeks after culture (Fig. 1). After illumination for 3 weeks, the potato tuber tissue contained 10 Ag Chl/g of fresh tissue, about LS, large subunit. 142 TRANSFORMATION OF AMYLOPLASTS IN POTATO TUBERS 143 14 oct[L] 15 – a) 121 10 101 5 C-) 8 x 0 ct [D] Days After Illumination FIG. 1. Time course of the synthesis of chlorophyll in potato tuber discs during continuous illumination with white light. lAt [D] By 0 15 I †¦.. AAt [L] i _x- 60 120 90 Time (min) FIG. 3. Incorporation of [35S]methionine into proteins in the lightdriven chloroplast protein synthesis system. -M1 samples were added to 20% TCA containing 10 tg/ml unlabeled methionine. Proteins were precipitated with 5% TCA containing 10 Mg/ml unlabeled methionine, and counted with a Mark I scintillation counter. Ct, chloroplasts; At, amyloplasts (control); L, light-incubated; D, dark-incubated. FIG. 2. Biosynthesis of RuBPCase in potato tuber tissue as as sayed by Ouchterlony double diffusion 0 h (1), 6 h (2), 12 h (3), 24 h (4), 48 h (5), and 72 h (6) after illumination. You read "Light-Induced Transformation of Amyloplasts Into Chloroplasts" in category "Essay examples" The central well contained antibody to LS. One g of potato tuber discs was homogenized with 0. 1 ml of Tris 80 mm, MgCl2 20 mm, KCI 40 mM, pH 8. . After centrifugation at 12,000g for 10 min, 20 Ml of the supernatant were used for assay of RuBPCase. hundredth of the Chl content in normal leaves. This is primarily due to fewer chloroplasts per cell. The chloroplasts were not distributed uniformly in discs and were probably linked to some specific ultrastructure in the cortex. Microscopic observation revealed that the amyloplasts were comprised of two types: large (55 x 80 Mm) and small (5-20 Mum). Most of them were stainable with I2-KI. Upon exposure of the discs to light the small amyloplasts only turned greenish. RuBPCase Biosynthesis in Potato Tuber during Greening. Since RuBPCase is the most abundant soluble protein in the chloroplasts (10), it can be used as an important biochemical marker of chloroplasts. The de novo synthesis of RuBPCase was clearly demonstrated by ultracentrifugal sedimentation (data not shown) and specific immunoprecipitation (Fig. 2). The Schlieren pattern of extracts from normal leaves consists of four peaks representing 80S cytoplasmic ribosomes, 70S chloroplast ribosomes, 18S Fraction I protein (RuBPCase), and 4 to 6S Fraction II proteins (8, 9). The extract from potato tuber stored in the dark lacked the peak of RuBPCase, whereas a small peak was observed in discs exposed to 3 d of light, indicating the light one initiated the synthesis of RuBPCase (data not shown). The biosynthesis of RuBPCase was also demonstrated by an Ouchterlony double diffusion assay (Fig. 2). The light-mediated synthesis of RuBPCase started at 1 d after illumination and increased during greening. The RuBPCase content was estimated to be -6 ,ug/g fresh potato tuber tissue, whereas the RuBPCase content of a typical green leaf is 5 to 10 mg/g fresh tissue (10). Further evidence for the de novo synthesis of RuBPCase in light-treated potato tuber was obtained from the experiment on light-driven protein synthesis in chloroplasts. The chloroplasts, isolated from potato tuber discs after illumination for 7 d, exhibited a higher activity of protein synthesis, as demonstrated by the incorporation of [35S]methionine into proteins (Fig. 3). In contrast to light-driven protein synthesis in chloroplasts, the chloroplasts in the dark and especially amyloplasts, either in the light or dark, exhibited a very low protein synthesis activity. A number of radioactive polypeptides synthesized in the chloroplasts in the light were recognized on SDS-polyacrylamide gels followed by fluorography (Fig. 4). It was observed that some chloroplast polypeptides (mol wt 39,000, 50,000, 52,000, 55,000, 94,000, 96,000) were synthesized more readily in the light than in the dark. One of these polypeptides co-migrated with purified unlabeled LS of RuBPCase (mol wt 52,000), and was identified as the LS, based on this and results presented in Figure 2. There is also one strongly light-initiated polypeptide (mol wt 64,000) which does not appear in the dark. 02 Evolution of Chloroplasts from Light-Induced Potato Tubers. Upon illumination with red light, the chloroplasts, isolated from light-treated potato tuber discs after 3 weeks of light treat- 144 Plant Physiol. Vol. 75, 1984 ZHU ET AL. sure to light, the amyloplasts are transformed into chloroplasts, which have a different function. The changes in ultrastructure of potato tuber amyloplasts during greening were investigated by electron microscope. It was shown that the main developmental features were elongation of vesicles into thylakoids, the differentiation of grana and the appearance of ribosomes in the stroma (3), although the ultrastructure is generally less well developed compared to that for normal leaves. On the other hand, there is very little information on biochemical alterations in potato tuber during greening. To confirm the transformation of amyloplasts into chloroplasts, this study provides some biochemical evidence: (a) the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments, (b) the synthesis of RuBPCase and other proteins, and (c) Hill reaction activity. Before illumination the potato tubers contain no Chl or Pchl, but do contain carotenoid which increases during greening (1). Very low light intensity (400 lux) was required to initiate greening. The light may penetrate into the potato tuber discs and evoke the development of chloroplasts from amyloplasts. During the development of chloroplasts from amyloplasts, assembly of Chl into the newly synthesized membranes occurs. Cold storage may cause the breakage of membranes (13); however, some studies suggested that amyloplast membranes remain intact in cold storage (14). It was frequently observed that the chloroplasts were formed as streaks in the potato tuber discs, suggesting a special structure is linked to the chloroplast development. The Schlieren pattern of the extracts from light-induced potato tuber tissue as well as its immunoprecipitation reaction with antiserum to RuBPCase demonstrated that RuBPCase, an important enzyme in the photosynthetic carbon cycle, was de novo synthesized during greening. This result was further confirmed by the active light-dependent protein synthesis in the isolated chloroplasts. The biosynthesis of RuBPCase during greening suggests the involvement and operation of CO2 assimilation in the chloroplasts. Furthermore, the photosynthetic function of electron transport and 02 evolution in isolated chloroplasts from potato tuber was shown by the high Hill reaction activity. The transformation of amyloplasts into chloroplasts is absolutely light-dependent. The fact that red light did not stimulate this transformation indicates that phytochrome may not participate in this regulation. This coincides with the result that potato tuber does not have phytochrome (7). What is the photoreceptor in this light-induced organelle transformation? How does light turn on the genes for the development of chloroplasts, and turn off the genes for the development of amyloplasts? Undoubtedly, this system provides an attractive and challenging model for investigations into the molecular mechanisms underlying the photoregulation of development and gene expression. FIG. 4. SDS-PAGE of light- (1) and dark- (d) initiated polypeptides synthesized in chloroplasts isolated from light-treated potato tuber discs. (R) photograph of stained gel. L) fluorograph of (R). Arrows indicate the mol wt of light-stimulated polypeptides and band corresponding to LS. Although the dark-incubated sample was more concentrated than the light-incubated sample (R), the fluorograph (L) indicates there was more incorporation of [35S]methionine into the light-induced polypeptides than into the dark-initiated polypeptides, demonstrating that more polypeptides were synthesized in the light tha n in the dark. The samples were incubated with [35S]methionine for 120 min. ment, evolved 02 using ferricyanide as an electron acceptor. This Hill reaction activity is comparably high (177 Amol 02/mg Chl h), indicating that an active electron transport reaction took place in this chloroplast preparation. DISCUSSION The cells of potato tuber contain a large number of amyloplasts, whose function is to accumulate and store starch in the form of reserve starch granules. It is of interest that upon expo- Acknowledgments-We thank Dr. Ray Webb of United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland for providing us with different varieties of potato, and F. J. Xi for her help in determination of Hill activity. LITERATURE CITED Development of chloroplasts from amyloplasts in potato tuber discs. New Phytol 72: 449-463 2. ARNON DI 1949 Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase 1. ANSTIS PJP, DH NORTHCOTE 1973 in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol 24: 1-15 3. BADENHUIZEN NP, R SALEMA 1976 Observations of the development of chloroamyloplasts. Rev Biol (Lisb) 6: 139-155 4. BLAIR GE, RJ ELLIS 1973 Protein synthesis in chloroplasts 1. Light-driven synthesis of the large subunit of fraction I protein by isolated pea chloroplasts. Biochim Biophys Acta 319: 223-234 5. FORSYTH AA 1954 British Poisonous Plants. Her Majesty’s Stationery office, London 6. KIRK JTO, RAE TILNEY-BASSErr 1978 The plastids. Growth and Differentiation of Plastids. Part I. Formation of the Chloroplast during Greening of the Enolated Plant. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp 720-773 7. KOUKKARI WL, WS HILLMAN 1966 Phytochrome levels assayed by in vivo spectrophotometry in modified underground stems and storage roots. Physiol Plant 19: 1073-1078 TRANSFORMATION OF AMYLOPLASTS IN POTATO TUBERS 8. KUNG SD 1977 Expression of chloroplast genomes in higher plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 28: 401-437 9. KUNG SD, PR RHODES 1981 Hormonal effects on the biosynthesis of tobacco RuBPCase in vitro. Beitr Tabakforsch Int I 1: 44-49 10. KUNG SD, TC Tso 1978 Tobacco as a potential food source and smoke material: soluble protein content, extraction, and amino acid composition. J Food Sci 43: 1844-1852 11. LoBov UP, PI BONDAR 1977 The RNA of potato tuber amyloplasts. Fiziol Rast 24: 318-322 12. MARSHO TV, PM SOKOLOVE, RB MACKAY 1980 Regulation of photosynthetic 145 electron transport in intact spinach chloloroplasts. Plant Physiol 65: 703-706 13. OHAD I, I FREIDBERG, Z NEEMAN, M S(CHRAMM 1971 Biogenesis and degradation of starch 1. The fate of the amyl,loplast membrane during maturation and storage of potato tubers. Plant Phyysiol 47: 465-477 14. WETZSTEIN HY, C STERLING 1978 Integri’ ity of amyloplast membranes in stored potato tubers. Z Pflanzenphysiol Bd 90DS: 373-378 15. ZHU YS, PS LovErr, DM WILLIAMS, SID KUNG 1983 Nicotiana chloroplast genome 7 expression in E. coli and BB. subtilis of tobacco and Chlamydomonas chloroplast DNA sequences cooding for the large subunit of RuBP carboxylase. Theor Appl Genet 67: 3333-336 How to cite Light-Induced Transformation of Amyloplasts Into Chloroplasts, Essay examples

Stealth Aircraft Essays - Stealth Aircraft, Monoplanes,

Stealth Aircraft Stealth Aircraft Thesis: Military aircraft has become more sophisticated in variety, effectiveness in war situations, and special maneuvering techniques in recent years. Military aircraft has become more sophisticated in variety, effectiveness in war situations, and special maneuvering techniques in recent years. With the advance of stealth technology, many new and very effective aircraft have been developed. The F-117A was used during Operation Dessert Storm and every plane came back without a scratch. The very expensive B-2 stealth bomber has never been used in actual war, but during testing it was a success. The Advanced Tactical Fighter program was started to make an aircraft that could supercruise, the ability to cruise at supersonic speeds, and didn't cost very much. The YF-22 and YF-23 were the first planes to accomplish this. With all the planes we know of, there are also top secret programs probably going on right now. A new fighter that has never been heard of before has been spotted. As John Welch, the assistant secretary of Air Force said, "Stealth gives us back that fundamental element of war called surprise" (Goodall 9). After it was found that aircraft could be very useful in war, it was used for large scale reconnaissance. Then people started to add bombs to aircraft and then airplanes started to become an essence of war. After World War 2, new bombers were developed with fast speed, and could travel far distances. They could also carry nuclear bombs and missiles. The use of the bomber aircraft then led to the fighter, which was equipped with guns and missiles. Helicopters were also found to be good strike aircraft. They were armed with cannons, machine guns, rockets, torpedoes, and a variety of missiles. Vertical takeoff made the helicopter an advantage. The first flight of the F-117A was in June of 1981 in Groom Lake test facility. The total cost for the development of the F-117A was just under two billion dollars, but it only cost $43 million to make each plane. It became operational in October of 1983 and was the first operational stealth aircraft ever built. The F-117A is a night attack plane powered by two, nonafterburning General Electric engines. F-117As were designed for first-strike capabilities and to be able to fly into any countries airspace undetected. The primary task of the F-117A is to break through enemy airspace, destroy high value targets, and return back unharmed. They were considered to first be used in several different tasks, but weren't used until Operation Dessert Storm where they did an excellent job. As Donald Rice, Secretary of the Air Force, said, "Everyone now agrees the F-117 was a real bargain" (9). During Operation Dessert Storm the F-117As were found out to be very successful. The war began on January 16, 1991 when the F-117A fighters entered the Iraqi airspace on their way to downtown Baghdad. There were 43 of them over the skies of Iraq and not one was lost even though they went against one of the most modern air-defense systems in the world. Operation Dessert Storm was the largest aerial bombing attack in war history. It was also the first time a stealth aircraft was used as a main weapon. On the first day of Desert Storm the Lockheed F-117As dropped sixty-two 2,000 pound bombs on Baghdad destroying the most critical targets of the Iraqi military, including the headquarters of the Iraqi air force. "We've seen that not only does stealth work, but that it puts fewer assets at risk and saves lives" (9), as Donald Rice said. The pilots of those F-117As flew through the hardest anti-aircraft missiles any pilot has ever flown through. When you think of stealth, most people probably think of B-2 stealth bomber, but most people don't realize that it hasn't even been used in a real war situation yet. In November of 1987 the Pentagon ordered the first four B-2s to be built for $2 billion. Each B-2 cost $437.4 million to build. After the military liked the bomber, they originally ordered 133 of them, then they cut back to 75 because of the deficit-reduction bill. Then, in 1992, the House of Representatives voted to buy only twenty, and later only 15 saying that 10 would be enough. With four General Electric engines with 19,000 pounds of thrust each, the B-2s were made to carry a lot of weight. The Advanced Technology Bomber, as it was called, was made so it couldn't be spotted by enemy radar. After testing it was found out that it is almost impossible to track it constantly using radar. The B-2s were designed to be an all-flying wing and it is made up of